Mr. Moy Kok Ming, borned in Ipoh, Malaysia was educated in Sam Tet Secondary School Ipoh and Language Centre, University of Malaya,Kuala Lumpur, majoring in Translation. He writes about politics and current affairs both in Chinese and English. Some of his writings had won awards

Tuesday, October 17, 2017

My Norwegian friend in the 1970s

I met a Norwegian named Immanuel Vigeland in the Esplanade, Penang Island in around 1972. At that time he was staying in Mariners' Club, Light Street near Esplanade. He often went to the seaside of Esplanade nearby, so di I. As we met often, we later became friends. Later I knew that he was a marine biologist and had some work for University of Malaya. In fact he was a professor. He had a Malay assistant called Sulaiman. Sometimes he invited me to dine with him together with Sulaiman. Later he brought another Indian friend and introduced him to me. His name was Xavier Ganesh. So the four of us were quite often together. Once the four of us went to Jeniang, Kedah as Mr Vigeland had some work there. He had a raft in the sea near Jelutong where he studied the algae  of the sea. We all had been to his raft. His mode of transport was a Volkswagon. Sulaiman once went with him in his Volkswagon to Phuket Island Thailand. I was also invited, but I could not join him because of work. However I had a chance to go to Singapore with him and Sulaiman in his Volkswagon.  I stayed in YMCA Singapore.  Later Sulaiman also followed him back to Norway during a winter and came back several weeks later. Sulaiman told me the weather in Norway was so cold he became difficult to walk. In about 1974 he moved his raft to Singapore. Later I visited him in Johor Baru and stayed in Rasa Sayang Hotel in Johor Baru. At that time he had a new Malay assistant. As he was so far away from Penang and highway did not exist at that time, we seldom met but I knew he was still doing marine biological work in Malaysia. About 15 years ago, I got some news about him and knew that he was still living.  

Today, I typed his name in a search engine in the internet. and found an article about his activities in Pahang. The article was as follows:

Norwegian who hunted Bigfoot for over 20 years

Shahrum Sayuthi 

BANDAR MUADZAM SHAH, Jan 5:
Interest in the "Bigfoot" phenomenon is not new to Felda settler Abdul Hamid Wahab, 57.
He and a Norwegian scientist spent almost three decades searching for the elusive creature in several forested areas in Pahang and Johor from the early 1970s to the end of the 1990s.

"I first met Professor Immanuel Vigeland, who was then in his 60s, when he came to my village in Kampung Mempelas in 1972," Hamid said, when met at his home in Felda Chini 2 near here today.

"The professor was at that time on one of his expeditions into the jungle here and had stopped at my village for a friend’s wedding."

Hamid said Vigeland, who spoke fluent Malay, became his close friend and regularly visited his home. Almost all the time, he would ask Hamid to accompany him into the jungle. "He said he was impressed with my knowledge of the jungle."

The marine biologist, who was conducting shipping-related research in Tanjung Pagar, Singapore, was an avid environmentalist who spent his free time studying local flora and fauna.

MY DEAR FRIEND: Hamid showing the framed newspaper cuttings on Vigeland. The one on his left was an article in the NST in 1989 while the other was from a Norwegian newspaper.

His enviromental work had been highlighted several times by the New Straits Times and the Norwegian media during his stay here.

"But his actual passion was finding this creature which the newspapers in the past few weeks have been calling Bigfoot," said Hamid, who became a Felda settler in 1982. "Every time there was talk of a sighting, my friend would get me to accompany him into the jungle in that area."

Vigeland had started his search for Bigfoot much earlier, soon after he came to Singapore in 1958.

In 1976, he set up a biological research field station in Kota Tinggi with the help of Universiti Malaya and hired Hamid as his assistant.

This was the same area where Bigfoot was said to have been sighted recently.

"Rumours about the existence of the giant hairy creature were also heard in that area, with several Orang Asli claiming that they had seen it in the jungles at Gunung Panti, Gunung Muntaha and Gunung Sisek," said Hamid.

"The two of us spent many days in the jungle in the hope of running into it but luck was never on our side. We never even got to see the creature’s footprints."

The duo spent so much time in the jungle, especially around Gunung Panti, that the Orang Asli community there nicknamed Vigeland "Orang Putih Gunung Panti" (the white man of Gunung Panti).

BIGFOOT BOON: The reported sightings of "Bigfoot" in the jungles of Johor and the media publicity it generated have pushed up sales of masks resembling the black, hairy creature. Kenneth Lim, owner of a fancy costume outlet in a shopping complex in Johor Baru, said he sold 20 of the masks this week alone. — NST picture by Shahrul M. Zain

Hamid quit his job at the research station in 1982 to join a Felda land scheme but this did not end the duo’s quest.

Vigeland moved his shipping-related research to Kuantan port in 1989 and the two friends resumed their sojourns into the dense Pahang jungles whenever they heard stories of Bigfoot.

Hamid said Vigeland even resorted to employing a famous bomoh from Jerantut to track down the creature after a report that it had been sighted at the National Park in Kuala Tembeling.

"Honestly, I am more of a sceptic but Vigeland never wavered in his belief that the creature exists. He kept on saying that we must find it or prove it doesn’t exist."

Their last expedition in search of the creature was in 1998 in the same National Park area.

Shortly after that, Vigeland, who remained a bachelor, fell ill and returned to Oslo to recuperate. He never came back.

Hamid spent two months at his friend’s house in the Norwegian capital in 1990 and last spoke to him over the telephone in 2000.

"I wanted to call him later on but I couldn’t afford the cost of the phone call," said the father of 10.

"My friend would definitely be excited about all this talk of Bigfoot if he’s still around."

Friday, March 26, 2010

An simple introduction to Mr. Moy Kok Ming

梅国民简介
1948诞生于霹雳州怡保,就读三德中学,过后成为公务员,任职于内政部书报检查组,服务期间表现良好而获得公共服务局(JPA)奖学金前往马来亚大学语文中心主修翻译。毕业后继续为政府服务。1997年提前退休,但继续为雪隆多个非政府组织服务,包括马来西亚中华大会堂总会(华总),闲余为多家本地报章与星洲联合早报撰写时事评论。过去曾参加多个本地组织如大马华人文化协会,雪隆中华大会堂,青团运,星洲日报,巴生福建会馆等所举办之散文与论文比赛,皆获奖。

Tuesday, February 9, 2010

My article "The Babas" included in Singapore's Hi Chinese syllabus

In the 1980s, I took part in an essay competition jointly organized by Sin Chew Daily and the Hokkien Association, Klang. With my article "The Babas" I was one of the winners. The winners' articles were later compiled into a book and each winner received some copies of the books. The presentation ceremony was held in Hokkien Association, Klang. I came personally to Klang to receive the books and a cheque. "The Babas" was included in the syllabus of Singapore's HI CHINESE and also the independent schools of Malaysia

H1华文

1.修读学生:

本课程供中学修读“华文”课程的学生,以及于GCE“O”水准“高级华文”考试中成绩为E8与F9的学生修读;为必修科目。“O”水 准“高级华 文”成绩为D7或以上者,也可以选修。

2.课程目标:

本科主要是培养学生听、说、读、写四方面的语文能力。

3.课程内容:

主要为教育部《大学先修班课程标准》中指定的教材:10篇必读课文,8篇选读课文,150条成语(包括中、小学课程中121条),以及50条谚语。


序号
篇章题目
作者
备注
1
藤野先生
鲁迅(中国)
必读篇章
2
蜜蜂的赞美
秦牧(中国)
必读篇章
3
我的母亲
老舍(中国)
必读篇章
4
这里真安静(节选)
余秋雨(中国)
必读篇章
5
孩子,我为什么打你
毕淑敏(中国)
必读篇章
6
城南旧事(节选:爸爸的花儿落了)
林海音(台湾)
必读篇章
7
峇峇漫谈
梅国民(马来西亚)
必读篇章
8
沉默的橡胶树
王润华(新加坡)
必读篇章
9
别离的故事
陶然(香港)
必读篇章

10
最后的牛车水
梁文福(香港)
必读篇章

11
傅雷家书(篇章――1955年1月26日)
傅雷(中国)

12

钱钟书(中国)

13
书桌
冯骥才(中国)

14
丑石
贾平凹(中国)

15
掌上
林清玄(台湾)

16
美丽的茧
简嫃(台湾)

17
手表
西西(香港)

18
下棋
梁实秋(台湾)

    成语与谚语
1
成语150个
➨中小学已教学的成语:121个

➨中学高级华文已教学的成语: 

 150个
2
谚语50个

4.考试:
初级学院一年级学生可在年底参加考试;初级学院二年级学生可在年中和年底参加考试。学生在两年中共有三次参加考试的机会。

5.试卷:
本科试卷包括下列两个部分:
试卷(一)语文部 分 3 小 时 (80%)
试卷(二)口试部 分 约15分 钟 (15%)

听力部 分 约35分钟(5%)

学生在考作文时准予使用教育部所规定的词典。
6.试卷出题蓝图:
语文部分(80%)
写作:占30分。
语文的理解与运用:占50分。

序数 考查项目 方式 范围 题数 分数比重
一 作文 根据题目与条件写作
(字数不得少于500字)
记叙文、抒情文、说明文、论说文 4选1 30%

二 阅读理解一 多项选择
自由作 答
包括选词填空、词句解释、理解问答、理解测验、完成短句、片段缩写及找出近义词 等 6 15%


阅读理解二 多项选择 12 15%
四 阅读理解三 多项选择
自由作 答

片段缩写
8
1
15%
 

5%

共 28  
80%

.口试与听力部分(20%)
序数 考查项目 方式 范围 题数 分数比重
一 口试
朗读短 文
会话
朗读
对话
日常生活篇章、评论、新闻等
新闻、日常话题 等
1
1
5%
10%

二 听力测验 听录音,然后回答多项选择式题目 新闻、访谈、故事、段文、演讲 10 15%
共 12 20%

Wednesday, December 30, 2009

China's inventions for our daily lives

China’s inventions for our daily lives

When we talk about China’s inventions, we usually talk about compass, paper, explosive and silk. However there are also inventions that affects our daily lives and we are not aware of it.

Below are some of the inventions mentioned above:

1. Ice cream : It was first made by the Chinese and then spread to Europe.
2. Zoo : In ancient China, the royal family usually kept some exotic animals in cages in a garden for pleasure viewing. The animals included lion, tiger, zebra, giraffe etc presented by envoys from faraway countries. That is why there are no lion in China but the lion dance exists. Stone lions also decorate the entrances of palaces, temples and other buildings. Anyway the zoos in ancient China were only for the enjoyment of the royal family and high ranked officials. Ordinary citizenry had no chance to view the exotic animals. This is different from the present day zoo which is for everybody.
3. Greeting cards: In ancient China the Chinese usually brought greeting cards to their friends or relatives who are celebrating birthdays or important festivals like Chinese New Year. They never sent by post which did not exist yet but brought the greeting cards by hand. In fact, my mother once told me that when she was a damsel, she often presented greeting cards by hand to her friends every year during Chinese New Year. She never sent the cards by post.
4. Noodle: Noodle was invented by the Chinese. When Marco Polo visited China he found the Chinese noodle could be made into different dishes and he brought some noodle back to Italy. Gradually the Italian had their own way of making noodle dishes like spaghetti. In China, they call noodle as “mian”, In Malaysia everybody know what is "mee".

Tuesday, December 29, 2009

Comments on my 10-day visit to Guangdong, China

  您现在:广东侨网首页 > 专题 > 回乡感言
梅国民回乡感言:归家的感觉
2003-06-23 21:45:03 
  广东侨网讯 当本团九月八日抵达白云机场及踏上中国的土地,大家就有归家的感觉。接下来的十天。省侨办与各地方侨办所安排之节目皆令大家乐不思蜀。虽然本团员的籍贯并非全部都是广东,但踏上中国土地的欢乐的确难以笔墨形容。

  中国人迁移至东南亚的历史已有整千年的历史,但大量中国人移民至东南亚(包括马来西亚)始于清末。那是由于那个时代动乱频紧,民不聊生,同时耕地不足,很难养活众多之人口。结果众多中国人皆被迫迁移至南洋。恰巧那时英属殖民地(马来西亚)需要大量人力生产树胶与开矿,众多的中国人也因而找到一条生路。我们就是那些中国人的后代。

  当我一下飞机踏上中国的士地就有一种亲切的感觉,因为此地为我们祖先所生活的地方。我们所看到的与听到的以前我们的长辈与老师都曾告诉过我们。记得中学时代,我们曾念过韩愈之<祭鳄鱼文〉,潮州的韩文公庙撩起了我们的回忆。〈中华百艺文化〉所呈献的各种故事人物如梁三伯与祝英台、西游记等,我们的父母都曾在儿时为我们诉说,这是何等之亲切。

  这十天的观光,我们发觉到中国已踏上发展之列车。良好的高速公路网,健全之城市策划,人民生活水准与素质之提高,和平与安定之生活环境都在证明这一切。中国城市里的商场,货物种类多,而且充足。由于汇率的关系,我们这些来自大马者都占了-些便宜。可是这种情况将不会持久,因为中国将会成功地加入WTO(世界贸易机构),届时外资将大量流入。再加上中国将举办下一届之奥林匹克运动会,它的经济起飞将是举目可待。再过几年,今日对我们尚合理的物价,可能会变得昂贵,因为届时外汇率对我们有利的优势可能会不再存在。所以,要在中国观光或投资,需趁早。汇率的优势与中国对海外华人之各项投资优惠可能不是永久性的。

  各侨办为我们所安排的观光节目与观看文化艺术表演是多么的精彩,也都是本观摩团所想欣赏的。此次我们双方之文化交流已经是一个美丽的开始,当然我们将会预料到大家将会更进一步之交流。

  广州、中山、深圳、汕头、潮州、梅州、兴宁与惠州都是我们所踏足之美丽城市,我们将会永远怀念这些地方。

  Guangdong's Feedback

作者小资料

姓名:梅国民 Moy kok Ming
地址:7,Jalan 19, Taman Sri Jelok,43000 Kajang, Selangor
电话:603-87370230  手提:6019-2335436  性别:男 籍贯:广东台山
年龄:52岁 出生日期:1948年9月10日
精通语言:华语、英语、巫语  精通方言:广东、客话、福建
学历:翻译专业文凭(马来亚大学)
华总青职位:执行秘书
公司地址/电话: 马来西亚中华大会堂总会
1, Jalan Maharajalela, 50150 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
业务:非营利团体
职位:助理秘书

(编辑:李美仪)

作者: 稿源:广东侨

The Babas of Malacca

梅国民与《峇峇漫谈》

【全文】

马六甲有一个既有华族某些特征,又有马来人某些特征的社群,人们称这个社群为“峇峇”。

他们在精神上与生活习惯上是华人,但却不懂华语方言,只能说马来话,而在妇女服饰、烹

饪习惯上却像马来人。这个社群,人们称之为“马六甲峇峇”(被称作“新加坡峇峇”的,

其实是马六甲峇峇的后裔)。峇峇社群不单只在马六甲有,在槟城也有,那就是“槟城峇

峇”。

峇峇是怎样起源的呢?

原来,最早相继移民到马六甲的中国人,由于人数不多,所以与当地土著生活在一起,风俗

习惯也颇受土著的影响。而且,由于当时华人移民都以男性为主,女性非常少,那些定居下

来的男子就相继与土著女人通婚,这些通婚的男子和女子就被人们称为“峇峇和娘惹(Baba

and Nonya)”。本来,照回教习俗,娶信奉回教的女子为妻,就非信奉回教不可。可是,

目前的峇峇大多数是佛教徒和基督教徒,这又是什么缘故呢?历史学家的研究回答了这个问

题:当时和峇峇祖宗通婚的土著女人,多数是来自北苏门答腊、多芭湖一带的巴达克人

(Bataks),巴达克人多信奉基督教(至今尚多数为基督教徒),不受回教教规的限制是可

以想象的;著名的历史学家里察·云斯德也指出:“因为回教有效地阻止华族娶有名望的马

来族女人为妻,这些和华族通婚的土著女子很可能是华族男子从外地带来的女奴。”这是一

种说法。另一种说法是,当时回教势力还不很强大,华族男子和马来女子通婚也是有可能的。



另外,根据史料,在1459年,中国公主汉力宝远嫁马六甲王国的苏丹满速沙(Mansur

Shah)。有500个婢女陪同汉力宝南嫁。这500个婢女后来也和马六甲的官员结婚。他们的

后代中有一些和马六甲的纯华人通婚。这也是峇峇社群的一个起源。

峇峇说马来话,但他们的马来话和纯马来话的发音不同。举些例子说:“混乱”,峇峇语言

是“kalang kabot”,马来语是“kelam kabut”;“欲念”,峇峇语言是“nabsu”,马来

语是“nafsu”;“最后”,峇峇语言是“buntot”,马来语是“akhir”;“英俊”,峇峇

语言是“tuapan”,马来语是“elok”。另外,峇峇语言中还渗有大量闽南话,峇峇对于亲

戚的称呼,则全用闽南话,如pek-pek(伯伯),chek-chek(叔叔),koh(姑),ee

(姨)。由此可见,峇峇家庭所操的语言,是一种混合语言。

马六甲殖民地化以后,峇峇受英文教育的很多。早期的峇峇,还请教师教子女华文,一些有

能力的甚至送子女到中国求学。可是后来,他们的后裔对华文的学习热忱淡下来,而导致一

般峇峇只受英文教育了。峇峇和娘惹的英文水准一般很高,他们爱好阅读,特别是1870年到

1920年间的峇峇,甚至娘惹,对迪更斯(Dickens)、泰克莱(Thackary)、布伦迪斯

(Brontes)与奥斯汀(Austen),这些英国作家的名字和作品,都是很熟悉的。英文教育培

养出一批对英国戆直与尽忠的峇峇。由于只受英文教育,他们也学到英国人的道德观念。他

们的屋内甚至摆着英国皇室成员的肖像与英国国旗。当英国国歌奏响时,他们总是站得笔直

的。一些在英国求学归来的峇峇,甚至把英国称为Back Home(祖国)。和殖民地官员来往,

他们比纯华人胜一筹。英国人喜欢他们的戆直、友善、守纪律与无反抗能力的特征。这种现

象,不能不引起一些主张保持民族传统的人的担心。一位历史学家就曾遗憾地批评道:“峇

峇只学英文,结果和本身民族的文化断绝了,就好象天天填满了肚子,脑袋却空空如也了。

这到底是为了什么呢?”

然而,他们尽管受英文教育,也不懂华文,但却从罗马化的马来文字阅读《水浒传》(Sang

Kang)、《三国演义》(Sam Kok)、《西游记》(Seejoe)等。目前还有一本马来文的《三

国演义》存放在新加坡国家博物馆的峇峇文化部份供公众观赏。想不到一个民族语言已经改

变了,还这样欣赏他们祖宗的古典小说。他们大概也像我国当代的华族青年那样,在阅读华

文古典小说时,会产生漫步于神州古代长安的街头那样的梦幻吧!

尽管时代变迁,他们还是有自己本身的文化,风俗习惯也含有祖宗文化的色彩。譬如,峇峇

到现在还沿用华人的姓名,对孝道的执著也是他们的优良传统。至于峇峇所庆祝的节日则全

都起源于中国。如华人新年、元宵、清明、端午、中秋、冬至等。

华人新年是峇峇最大的节日,十二生肖的含义还印在他们的脑海中。新年到了,峇峇家里一

切都是新的,但是他们的精神与庆祝方法却是旧传统的,家庭团聚不在话下,对酒言欢,节

日大餐,再加上爆竹一声,除旧迎新,欢送旧生肖年份的逝去,迎接新生肖年份的来临。这

些,都是祖宗几千年遗留下来的文化习惯。

新年和元宵过后,下一个节日是清明节,峇峇也和正统的华人一样到祖宗的墓地去扫墓;再

下一个节日就是吃粽子的端午节,再接下去就是举行盂兰省会的中元节,赏月的中秋节,九

皇爷诞,与最接近新年的冬至。至于这些节日的风俗与庆祝时间的长短,可能与发源地有点

不同,可是峇峇庆祝传统节日的热心,以及热烈的气氛却不亚于正统华族。

在峇峇身上,既有华人祖先的传统,也有异族母亲的传统。看见他们吃起峇拉煎(Belacan)

来狼吞虎咽的样子,你怎能怀疑他们是一个土生土长的马来人呢?他们不用筷子吃饭,而是

像马来人那样用手抓来吃,这都是异族母亲的传统。但是,一些峇峇却有祖宗遗留下来的名

贵的筷子。这些筷子只在拜神时摆在神台上,大概筷子就是他们的根的最好证明吧!

国民大学人类与社会学系的周福东博士曾在他的著作中写道:“一个民族被外族同化,有时

会回转到他们原本的文化,或是同化停止在某一中心点,这一中心点就是旧文化与新文化交

替的平衡点。”峇峇社群的文化景象,大概就是这种言论的最好例证。

现在,峇峇的人数越来越少了。年轻的峇峇对本身的独特文化知道得越来越少。一些和正统

华族通婚的峇峇也被汉化。然而,不管峇峇社群的前景如何,最重要的是,峇峇是马来西亚

的峇峇,他们一定能和其他各族人民一起,携手建设一个快乐而繁荣的马来西亚。

-马来西亚董教总《华文》(高二上册)(马来西亚华校董事联合总会,1997),页177-183

Friday, October 23, 2009

The moderates and the non-moderates

The moderates and the non-moderates

The failure of long ruling parties in Japan and other long ruling governments in Asia has prompted many people to fathom whether Malaysia will confront the same phenomenon in future. In fact if not for the strong support of the two East Malaysian states, Barisan Nasional might have fallen and the opposition took over in March 2008.

Actually most Malaysians especially the non-indigenous voters support the moderate political parties especially the component parties of Barisan Nasional. That is why BN and the Alliance have been in power for more than half a century. When the DAP tried to team up with PAS some years ago, it was catastrophic for Lim Kit Siang and Karpal Singh who confronted dismal failure even in urban areas, because the urban voters punished them for co-operating with the politicians whom they did not like.

In Malaysia the moderates were nationalist while the non-moderate has recently become internationalists, who will ban anything against their internationalist ideal including their own traditional culture. (e.g. makyong dance). Turkey is the most modern country in their religious world. The Turks even at one time banned the wearing of head scarf for women, but they cannot escape from the internationalism mentioned. Look at Indonesia, the non-moderates who had embraced internationalism, had created immense havoc for their country. They not only bombed Bali and Jakarta, they even planned to bomb the residence of their moderate President. Even amidst the earthquake calamity of Padang, Sumatra, there were shooting in Jakarta international airport. That is the peril of the existence of non-moderates in any country.

Actually, for whatever religion or belief, as long you are a moderate, you are not dangerous to other people. For instance, China was ruled by the non-moderate Communist during the pre-Deng Xiao Ping era and there were much suffering for the Chinese. At that time Malaysian could not go to China or do business there. However, after Deng Xiao Ping came to power, China had been ruled by the moderate Communist until today. Not only the Chinese do not have any more pang, their country prospers and became the fourth largest economic entity in the world, after USA, Japan and Germany. Nowadays, Malaysians can visit, do business or study in China, whenever they want, because China is no more dangerous as in the pre-Deng Xiao Ping era. Even the President of Taiwan (acute foe of Mainland China) Ma Ying Jeou commented we should not compare the present Chinese leadership with the leaders of the pre-Deng Xiao Ping period, for they are as astute as any leaders of the present world power.

Dr. Mahathir had written an article entitled “The Modern Middle Kingdom” in his blog which said that during Lee Kuan Yew’s visit to Malaysia, the Singaporean leader lectured to the Malaysians and said that MCA should help BN to win in election. We can fathom his worry. If Malaysia is to be ruled by the non-moderates, what happened to Kuwait might happen to his tiny country.

Corruption, inefficient governance, anarchism (high crime rate and large number of illegal immigrants), haughtiness etc may lead to the downfall of the present ruling party of Malaysia. Rectification is significant to maintain their power in future. However, it is difficult for them to countenance the advance of internationalism as mentioned above. The case of Kartika (who drank beer) has made some people open their eye and ponder whether the moderates are advancing towards non-moderation. Just type the word Kartika in any internet search machine and you will see how many thousands of titles pertaining to her, because the Western hypocrites who always talked about human rights are staring at us. We do not know this is a boon or a bane to the Malaysian reputation as a moderate country.

In conclusion, if the present legislator wants to avoid what had happened to Japan, the above rectification is not insurmountable, but the internationalism which spread from Iran to Turkey, Afghanistan, Indonesia etc are the most challenging. .

About Me

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BORN IN IPOH,I STUDIED IN SAM TET SECONDARY SCHOOL, IPOH AND LANGUAGE CENTRE, UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA, MAJORING IN TRANSLATION (ON JPA SCHOLARSHIP). I SERVED THE MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT SINCE 1970 AND HAD MY OPTIONAL RETIREMENT IN 1997. AFTER THAT, I WORKED AS EXECUTIVE SECRETARY IN VARIOUS NGOs IN KL & KLANG VIZ TRADE & CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS